Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) sheets have emerged as promising materials for membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems due to their exceptional mechanical properties and resistance to fouling. This study aims to analyze the efficiency of PVDF MBRs in treating municipal wastewater. The experimental investigation focuses on key parameters such as degradatio

Hollow fiber membranes have emerged as a popular technology in membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems due to their favorable structural properties. These fibers, characterized by a semi-permeable hollow core and a solid outer layer, provide a significant surface area for biofilmformation and optimized separation of contaminants. The high flux achieved w